DEMO

You can restore all back files and some selected files in HP Ux by

tar command 

# tar –xvf archive ( Backup your complete archive)

# tar –xvf archive file1 file2 file3 (File1, File2, File3 are the names of individual files)


# tar -xvf /*  ( Backup all your files)

Note: The commands (*) will only work if the system has the exact files on the tape.

To check  the Motherboard device configuration on HP server

Just follow these commands:

root> cstm






cstm>map

(2 is the dev num for my memory so I will select 2 in next step)



cstm>sel dev 2

cstm>info

cstm>il

Audit file has 0% free space left ! Unable to Login through root and also unable to login through console.



There is at time when login into the HP-UX system is the problem. We get the problem statement something like:

Error Flashed: Current audit file size is 613959 kilobytes!!! an attempt to switch to the backup file failed.

Must specify a backup file now ! audit file has 0% free space left !



Solution:


Step -1 Login HP-UX in single user mode.


1. shutdown -r 0


2. hit during 10 sec window to interrupt reboot


3. enter:


4. interact with ipl? yes


5. hpux -is (i=init, s=single user)




Step -2 Mount the all files system in single usermode

#mountall




Step -3 Check the root file system.

# bdf /




Step -4 Audit data written into a logfile in your root filesystem (usually into /.secure/etc)

Go to ./secure/etc Directory


# cd ./secure/etc




Step -5 Delete the audfile1 and audfile2

# cd ./secure/etc


# rm –rf audfile1


# rm –rf audfile2




Step -6 Reboot the server and boot in normal mode.




Thats it .........

This post is about the location of various files used in network configurations in HP Unix Servers.



FILE:

/etc/hosts - Hosts configuration file (resolve hosts and IPs)

/etc/rc.config.d/ netconf – IP address, routing address and hostname stored in this file.


SCRIPTS:

/etc/init.d/net start – Use to start, stop network service




HP UX Commands

(a) Display lan interface info:   

(b) All in one lan configuration utility (lan0 is first Ethernet interface) to configure and view the system IP address:

# ifconfig lan0 - Display IP info such as IP address netmask etc.

# ifconfig lan0 up - Up network interface (allow traffic)

# ifconfig lan0 down - Down network interactive (deny traffc)

# ifconfig lan0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up - Setup/change IP adddress

# netstat –in



(c) Displaying host name

# hostname

(d) Arp administration (cache)

# arp -a

(e) Display routing table/info:

# netstat –nr

(f) Define new route:

# route add default 192.168.1.254 1
(g) HP's LAN diagnostic tool
# lanadmin

(h) Test a remote host connectivity

ping host.mycorp.com

The disk management is the important part of any system.

Lets see how this task is performed on the HP-Unix system.

HP-UX: Disk Management
Here are the steps to follow:

1- Open the prompt.

2- ioscan -fnC disk = Search Attach disk with HP server

3- pvcreate -f /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0 = Initialize a disk for use with LVM

4- Create the device structure needed for a new volume group.
    cd /dev
    mkdir vgdata
    cd vgdata
    mknod group c 64 0x010000


5- vgcreate vgdata /dev/dsk/c0t1d0 = Create volume group vgdata


Note: if your expecting to use more than 16 physical disks use the -p option, range from 1 to 256 disks.

6- vgdisplay -v vgdata = Display volume group vgdata

7- pvcreate -f /dev/rdsk/c0t4d0 = Add another disk to volume group
   vgextend vgdata /dev/dsk/c0t4d0

8- vgreduce vgdata /dev/dsk/c0t4d0 = Remove disk from volume group

Here is the list of the some important commands for the HP-Ux Server System.
 
Bootup/Shutdown
Shutdown = shutdown -r 0

Shutdown and Halt = shutdown -h now

Shutdown to single user mode = shutdown 0

Reboot = reboot 0

Single user mode = init 1 -

Boots single user mode = hpux -is


Interupting the boot process:
• Configuration Menu
• Information Menu
• Service Menu
   GSP Mode
• From the console hit
• Hit at the GSP console login (default is no password)
• Now low level commands can be entered
   o ps --> power status

 
To reboot to single user mode:
1. shutdown -r 0
2. hit during 10 sec window to interrupt reboot
3. enter:
4. interact with ipl? yes
5. hpux -is (i=init, s=single user)

 
To reboot manually to init 3 level
1. shutdown -r 0
2. during 10 sec window
3. bo
4. interact with ipl --> yes
5. hpux -is (i=init, s=single user mode)
6. mount -a
7. init 3
 


Startup/Shutdown Scripts
/sbin/init.d
/sbin/rc0.d These are all linked to actual scripts in /sbin/init.d
/sbin/rc1.d
/sbin/rc2.d scripts with k are kill scripts and scripts with s are start scritps.
/sbin/rc3.d
/sbin/rc4.d

/etc/rc.config.d --> Scripts
CIFS (Samba)
/opt/etc/samba/smb.conf
 

Device Management
HP-UX is a hardware path based operating system. When it boots up it does a hardware detection. It then compares the hardware that it detects with the hardware that is listed in /etc/ioconfig. If new hardware is detected, it is assigned the next available configuration information in the proper hardware path.

rmsf - remove special files
insf - install special files

insf -C disk -e <-- This command will re-install all of the device files for the class "disk" 

lsdev <-- Lists devices and drivers in the system ioscan <-- searches for all devices and displays their hardware path 

ioscan -fnC disk <-- searches for all devices of class (C) disk 

ioscan -fnH <-- searches for a LUN last 2 digits of hardware path in the LUN in octal (1/12/0/0.1.23) 

Disk Devices A disk device will have a name in the following format:   c#t#d# 
c# is the card number
t# is the target number
d# is the LUN - this is normally 0 unless RAID is being utilized

scsictl -a /dev/rdsk/c?t?d? <-- display control parameter information about the disk device

scsictl -a -m queue_depth=4 -m queue_depth /dev/rdsk/c?t?d? <-- sets the queue depth CD-ROM Devices

nohup /usr/sbin/pfs_mountd & - starts process nohup /usr/sbin/pfds & - starts process pfs_mount -o xlat=unix /dev/dsk/c0t1d0 /cdrom - mounts cdrom

Cdrom won't eject:
1. pfs_umount -c OR 2. kill -9 pfs_mountd and kill -9 mountd Cdrom won't mount using: pfs_mount -o xlat=unix /dev/dsk/c0t1d0 /cdrom

1. nohup /usr/sbin/pfs_mountd & 2. nohup /usr/sbin/pfsd

3. /usr/sbin/pfs_mount /cdrom <-- this uses mounting information in /etc/pfs_fstab 7400 Disk Array

armdsp -a va7400 <-- real time display of the disk array

armmgr -D va7400 HPA6189A00SG218H0024 armdiscover /opt/sanmgr/commandview/client/sbin --> Tells us the serial number
armhost -d
armhost -d 50060b000014e313 00SG218J0024
ioscan -fnc disk | more
cvui - creates luns 



Choose storage array Create LUN
Find last LUN 
Create with new lun number
View existing luns

Process to export disk configuration to a file:
• sam --> actions-->export
• volume group name --> mapfile name
Fibre Channel Devices

ioscan -fknC fc <-- Lists fibre channel adapters.

To identify the devices: ls -l /dev/fc* fcmsutil - utility for fibre channel operations fcmsutil /dev/



 
Procedure to run fcmsutil on a fibre channel:
ioscan -fnC disk|more --> Identify hw path of fibre channel adapter
ioscan -fnH 1/0/0/0 --> Identify device of fibre channel adapter
or ls /dev/fc* on older adapters (arbitrated loop)
fcmsutil /dev/fcms2 stat --> fcmsutil that shows status of fibre channel adapter
 

Logs
/etc/rc.log = Startup Log
/var/adm/sw/swagent.log  = Software package installation log
/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log  = System Error Log
/etc/shutdownlog = Shutdown Log
/var/tombstones/ts99 = Crash log

 
Login Environment
/etc/profile - main profile for all users
/etc/profile.env

export TMPDIR=/tmpsort
export TEMPDIR=/tmpsort

source a profile: ". ./profile"

 
Changing prompt
export PS1=$(hostname):'$PWD # '

This gives a prompt that has the hostname followed by the current directory, ending in the # (useful for root logins).

Networking
netstat -a = ports 
netstat -i = interfaces
netstat -r = routing table
netstat -rv = routing table and subnet mask
lanscan = provides hardware information about the nics in the server lanadmin =  menu driven interface to administer lan nics
lanadmin -x 0 = bypass menu and show lan driver specific options for nic with id 0
lanadmin -X 100FD 0 = bypass menu and set nic at id 0 to 100 MBS

Full Duplex ioscan -fnkC lan - shows ioscan information for device type "lan" lanscan -i|awk '{print $1}'|xargs -i ifconfig {} -> does an ifconfig on all defined interfaces on that server

 
Changing the IP Address and Subnet mask
set_parms ip_address
Then supply ip address and subnet mask when prompted. This process will require a reboot.
 

Changing the Default Gateway
• cd rc.config.d
• vi netconf

 
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
ntpq -p = lists ntp peers and their time sync status
ntpq -p = lists time sync status with that server (slightly different detail than ntpq -p)

/etc/ntp.conf = configuration file
Changes to the configuration require ntp daemon (xntpd) be stopped and restarted (restart is not recognized):
• /sbin/init.d/xntpd stop
• /sbin/init.d/xntpd start

 
Printing
Command Description
cancel deletes print jobs from queue
hppi jet admin
ls -d -o file prints a file
lpadmin
lpsched -v
lpstat lists jobs in queue. -s -t
pr .profile | lp -n3 prints
pr -o10 -l64 -F -h

| lp prints using margins of 10, page length of 64, header on each page

/etc/lp

/usr/lib/lp
/var/adm/lp
/var/spool/lp

/etc/lp/interface - interface scripts

/var/sam/lp/lpinfo

 

Migrating the printer configuration from one server to another server using SAM:
On the source server:

• SAM --> Printers & Plotters --> LP Spooler --> Save/Restore

 

Spooler Configuration

Actions --> Save Spooler Configuration
This saves the information in the directory /var/sam/lp 

Save this directory using tar: "tar -cvf /tmp/lp.tar /var/sam/lp" 

Copy this tar file to the destination server

 

On the destination server

Extract this file: "tar -xvf lp.tar"
SAM --> Printers & Plotters --> LP Spooler --> Save/Restor Spooler Configuration

Actions --> Restore Spooler Configuration

 

Performance Monitoring

top
j moves forward pages in the display
k moves backwared pages in the display
glance (if installed)

sar -q
sar -u
sar -d

vmstat
vminfo

 

Process Management

inetd -c Causes inet to reload /etc/inetd.conf
inetd -l starts logging in /var/adm/syslog/syslog.log
ps -ef | grep PROD list all processes, but only show those processes that have "PROD" in them
/sbin/init.d/

Backup data using fbackup command

Backup your /data directory to /dev/rmt/0m by typing
# fbackup -i /data -I index.data -f /dev/rmt/0m

Where,
• -i /data : Backup /data directory. There is no limit on how many times the -i option can be specified i.e. -i /data -i /home -i /path/to/something

• -I index.data : index.data specifies the name of the on-line index file to be generated. It consists of one line for each file backed up during the session. Each line contains the file size, the volume number on which that file resides, and the file name. If the -I option is omitted, no index file is generated.


• -f /dev/rmt/0m : Specify tape device name

• -e /tmp : Exclude /tmp from backup

• -g /var/adm/fbackupfiles/hporabox11.backup.list.txt : File that contains a list of files / dirs to be included / excluded from the tape backup

• -u : Update the database of past backups so that it contains the backup level, the time of the beginning and end of the session, and the graph file used for this fbackup session. Only use this if you are using -g /path/to/file option.


Using the normal tape location to do a full backup, insert a new tape and enter:

# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/0m -i -v

Using the normal tape location to do a full backup but exclude /tmp and /cdrom /nfs directories, insert a new tape and enter:

# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/0m -i / -e /tmp -e /cdrom -e /nfs -v

You can also create a text file that contains a list of all files and directories to be included or excluded from the backup. For example, backup full file system but exclude /tmp, /cdrom and /nfs, enet:

# cd /var/adm/fbackupfiles
# vi hporabox11.backup.list.txt

Append following list
i /
e /tmp
e /nfs
e /cdrom

Save and close the file.

To backup enter,
# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/0m -g /var/adm/fbackupfiles/hporabox11.backup.list.txt -v

How to export and import disks across the HP-UX server system is one of the major requirement ?

The solution to this problem is very simple. Follow these steps to perform this operation:



Open the console by serial cable or management ip.


Step 1 - Check the volume group by typing the command after the prompt-
                   bash#  vgdisplay 
                   bash#  /dev/vgdata 

              * bash# is the prompt on the console

            

Step2 - Make the volume group unavailable
               bash# vgchange -a n /dev/vgdata

Step 3 - Export the the disk while creating a logical volume map file.
              bash# vgexport -v -m data_map vgdata

Step 4 - Disconnect the drives and move to new system.

Step 5 - Move the data_map file to the new system.

Step 6 -  On the new system recreate the volume group directory
               bash# mkdir /dev/vgdata
               bash# mknod /dev/vgdata/group c 64 0x02000

Step 7 - Import the disks to the new system
                bash# vgimport -v -m data_map /dev/vgdata /dev/dsk/c2t1d0 /dev/dsk/c2t2d0

Step 8 -Enable the new volume group
              bash# vgchange -a y /dev/vgdata


Thats it..........your done........hopefully

Lets see how can we boot HP Unix System from the single user mode.Follow the instructions:

• Interrupt the boot process when prompted by pressing [ESCAPE] key. 

• Override the above screen , press any key within 10 seconds.

•  Type boot pri isl at the prompt:

• Now you will be in boot pri ISL prompt(boot pri ISL>). Type the command-

HP-UX Tape device names
First device will have name such as /dev/rmt/0m, /dev/rmt/1m and so on.
1. Raw magnetic tape interface - /dev/rmt/*
2. Default tape interface - /dev/rmt/0mnb

HP-UX Tape - mt ~ manipulating program
mt command winds the tape in the requested direction (forward or backward), stopping after the specified count EOF marks or records are passed.



If count is not specified, one is assumed. Each EOF mark counts as one record. When winding backwards, the tape always stops at the BOT marker, regardless of the number remaining in count.

For example, Rewind the tape associated with the device file /dev/rmt/0mnb:
# mt -f /dev/rmt/0mnb rew

About HP-UX System Architecture


Here are some points to give you some idea about the HP-UX Architecture:

- The directory /stand will be created as separate mounting file system.

- /stand will always reside on the first logical volume on the boot disk.

- /stand directory contain the system kernel and I/O mapping files that are required at boot time.

- In addition, the directory also contain kernel configuration and generation files.



- If /stand is separate file system, an entry corresponding to this file system must be maintained in the
   file /etc/fstab.  

- This entry is created when HP-UX is installed and must be maintained.


HP-UX Recovery
For HP- UX system recovery, the following file may be needed to restore from the backup.
/stand/rootconf (you sould not delete and modify that file system)
/etc/fstab
/etc/lvmtab
/stand/ioconfig


HP-UX Kernel Reconfiguration

- The HP-UX kernel requires a rebuild whenever a new functionality is added or removed from the system.

- Kernel need to be update to reflect the removal.

- New functionality: introducing new patches, new component installation, add or removing the device drivers etc.

- The kernel require reconfiguration when you modify the location of the primary swap or add or remove a dump device.

- A dump device is a place on a physical disk that is used by the system to place a dump of the of the running kernel and memory image in case the system crashes.


Modifying Kernel Parameter

- When you are installing an application or database software, you required to modify one or more kernel parameter in order for the application and database software.

- Kernel parameter control the HP-UX kernel behavior.

Static and Dynamic Kernel Module

- Kernel can compose number of modules. Modules can be dynamic or static.

- Static modules required a kernel rebuild and subsequent system reboot to make effective.

- Dynamic modules atomically loaded into the memory when it is needed by the kernel and get unloaded by itself when no longer required.

- Dynamic modules are also referred to as a Dynamically Loadable kernel modules.


Static and Dynamic Kernel Tunable Parameter

- Tunable parameter can be static or dynamic. After verifying the value of a static parameter the kernel need to be rebuild and the server must be rebooted for the new value to take effect.

- A dynamic tunable parameter, does not require a server reboot after it is value altered.

Reconfigure HP-UX Kernel

1. Change the directory to the kernel build environment
    # cd /stand/build

2. Gather running kernel information using the system_prep command and save it to a file called system by specifying the –s option with the command.
    #/usr/bin/sysadm/system_prep –s system

The system file contain drivers, subsystems, and tunable parameter information

3. Use the kmsystem and kmtune command to view and modify the build.

Example:
kmsystem –S /stand/build/system –q token2
kmtune –s maxvgs –S /stand/build/system

- Execute the following to generate a new kernel after updating the system file with token2 module
  #mk_kernel –s ./system
 #kmupdate

Reboot the system ..................... It's Done........